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Crypto Trading Step by Step

Cryptocurrency: From Fundamentals to Trading

Embarking on your cryptocurrency journey can seem overwhelming at first, but with the right knowledge foundation, you’ll quickly grasp how this revolutionary technology works and how to navigate the crypto markets effectively. This lesson breaks down the core concepts of cryptocurrency, explains the relationship between crypto and traditional finance, and helps you understand the factors that drive crypto prices.

Core Concepts

Cryptocurrency vs. Blockchain

  • Cryptocurrency: A digital representation of value that can be transferred peer-to-peer without intermediaries, 24/7/365. Different cryptocurrencies represent different things – from network tokens like Bitcoin to tokens representing real-world assets.
  • Blockchain: The underlying technology that enables cryptocurrencies to function. It’s essentially a distributed ledger maintained by unconnected participants worldwide, recording all transactions in a way that prevents manipulation.
  • Gas Fees: Small amounts of cryptocurrency paid to blockchain participants for processing transactions, similar to transaction fees in traditional payment systems.
  • Layer 1 Coins: Native cryptocurrencies of blockchain networks (like Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana) used to pay gas fees for using that particular blockchain.
  • Tokens: Assets built on top of existing blockchains that represent something other than the blockchain itself – like stablecoins, protocol tokens, or non-fungible tokens (NFTs).

Understanding these concepts is crucial for newcomers because they help differentiate legitimate projects from scams and provide insight into how value is created and maintained in the cryptocurrency ecosystem.

Navigating the Cryptocurrency Landscape

What Are Cryptocurrencies?

  • Cryptocurrencies are digital assets that enable peer-to-peer value transfer
  • They operate on blockchains – decentralized ledgers maintained by global participants
  • No intermediaries like banks or brokers are required for transactions
  • Transactions can occur 24/7/365, unlike traditional banking systems

Unlike traditional financial systems where banks maintain centralized ledgers, blockchain technology distributes this responsibility across many independent participants worldwide. When you create a blockchain wallet, you’re essentially opening an account on this decentralized system.

Types of Crypto Assets

Layer 1 Coins

  • Represent the native currency of a blockchain network
  • Used to pay transaction fees (gas) on that network
  • Examples: Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), Solana (SOL)

Fungible Tokens

  • Built on top of blockchains
  • Interchangeable and identical to each other
  • Examples: Stablecoins like USDT, protocol tokens like Uniswap (UNI)

Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs)

  • Represent unique digital assets
  • Cannot be exchanged on a like-for-like basis
  • Examples: Digital art, collectibles, unique certificates

The crypto ecosystem encompasses these different asset types, each serving different purposes and representing different forms of value within the digital economy.

Understanding Tokenomics

How Cryptocurrencies Are Valued

  • Price: The dollar (or other fiat currency) value of one unit of the cryptocurrency
  • Supply: The number of coins/tokens in circulation
  • Market Cap: Total value of the cryptocurrency (Price × Circulating Supply)
  • Fully Diluted Valuation: Price × Maximum Potential Supply

When comparing cryptocurrencies, market cap provides a better measurement of total value than price alone. For example, Bitcoin might have a higher price per coin than Ethereum, but the comparison should consider that Ethereum has a larger supply of coins.

  • BTC: Higher price per coin, lower total supply
  • ETH: Lower price per coin, higher total supply

Token Creation and Distribution

Different cryptocurrencies have different creation stories and distribution methods:

Bitcoin

  • Created by Satoshi Nakamoto as peer-to-peer money
  • No pre-sale or Initial Coin Offering (ICO)
  • Fair distribution through mining
  • Fixed maximum supply of 21 million coins

Most Altcoins (Alternative Cryptocurrencies)

  • Created by teams/companies to fund their blockchain projects
  • Often distributed through token sales to investors
  • May have large portions owned by founders, team members, and early investors
  • Supply schedules and maximum supplies vary widely

For example, Solana’s initial distribution included:

  • 25% to early seed investors
  • Additional portions to founding sale investors
  • 20% to the team
  • Only a small percentage available through public sale

By contrast, Cardano’s distribution was:

  • 60% through initial coin offering
  • 30% for staking rewards
  • 11% to the development team

Value Capture Mechanisms

Cryptocurrencies capture and represent value in different ways:

Bitcoin

  • Represents the security and reliability of the Bitcoin network
  • Value derived from its function as a store of value and medium of exchange
  • No yield or revenue generation

Smart Contract Platforms (like Ethereum)

  • Value derived from network usage fees
  • May provide yield to stakers who help secure the network
  • Captures value from the entire ecosystem built on top of it

Protocol Tokens (like Uniswap)

  • Represent ownership in decentralized applications/protocols
  • May capture fees generated by the protocol
  • Value linked to protocol usage and revenue

Stablecoins (like USDT)

  • Designed to maintain a stable value (typically pegged to $1)
  • Not meant as investments but as stable means of exchange
  • Value comes from utility rather than price appreciation

Understanding these mechanisms helps you evaluate whether a cryptocurrency represents a good investment opportunity based on its fundamentals.

Macro Economics and Cryptocurrency Prices

Understanding Market Cycles

Cryptocurrency prices are influenced by several overlapping cycles:

Business Cycle

  • Periods of economic expansion and contraction
  • Affects employment, consumer spending, and business growth
  • Influences risk appetite for crypto investments

Debt and Refinancing Cycle

  • Typically occurs every 3-5 years as debts need refinancing
  • Affects interest rates and liquidity in the broader economy
  • Impacts the flow of capital into or out of crypto markets

Election Cycle

  • Political pressure on central banks and economic policy
  • Typically occurs every 4 years in major economies
  • Can affect regulatory stance toward cryptocurrencies

Bitcoin Halving Cycle

  • Every four years, Bitcoin mining rewards are cut in half
  • Reduces the rate of new Bitcoin entering circulation
  • Has historically preceded major bull markets

These short-term cycles create pricing volatility but operate within longer-term trends.

Secular Trends vs. Cyclical Patterns

When investing in cryptocurrency, it’s important to distinguish between short-term cycles and long-term trends:

Secular Trends

  • Long-term directional movements that persist over many years
  • Examples include technology adoption, digitization, and fiat currency debasement
  • Bitcoin and crypto adoption represents a secular trend upward

Cyclical Patterns

  • Shorter-term price movements within the secular trend
  • Often influenced by liquidity, interest rates, and market sentiment
  • Create buying opportunities during downturns if the secular trend remains positive

While central banks can influence cyclical patterns through monetary policy, they cannot stop secular trends like technological adoption.

Central Bank Policy and Crypto Prices

There is a strong correlation between global liquidity and cryptocurrency prices:

  • When central banks expand liquidity (print money), crypto prices tend to rise
  • When liquidity is withdrawn from markets, crypto prices often decline
  • This relationship exists because increased money supply tends to flow into scarce assets

This pattern was evident in Bitcoin’s price history:

  • Liquidity expansion in 2017 coincided with a Bitcoin bull market
  • Liquidity contraction in 2018 coincided with a Bitcoin bear market
  • Massive liquidity expansion in 2020-2021 led to another significant Bitcoin bull run
  • Liquidity withdrawal in 2022 coincided with another bear market

Understanding these relationships can help you anticipate potential market movements and make more informed investment decisions.

Key Takeaways

  1. Understand the Difference Between Cryptocurrencies and Blockchains: Cryptocurrencies are digital assets, while blockchains are the underlying technology that enables their existence. This distinction helps you evaluate projects more effectively.

  2. Look Beyond Price to Market Cap: When comparing cryptocurrencies, market capitalization (price × circulating supply) provides a better measure of total value than price alone.

  3. Evaluate Tokenomics Carefully: The initial distribution, supply schedule, and value capture mechanisms of a cryptocurrency significantly impact its investment potential. Projects with highly concentrated ownership may carry additional risks.

  4. Recognize the Influence of Macro Factors: Cryptocurrency prices are heavily influenced by global liquidity and central bank policies. Understanding these relationships can help you anticipate market cycles.

  5. Distinguish Between Cycles and Trends: Short-term price cycles create volatility, but long-term secular trends determine ultimate direction. Focus on the secular trend when making investment decisions.

  6. Use Reliable Research Resources: Utilize quality information sources like TradingView for charts, DeFi Llama for on-chain metrics, and reputable news sources to inform your decisions.

  7. Approach Investing Strategically: Whether trading short-term cycles or investing in long-term trends, develop a clear strategy aligned with your timeframe, risk tolerance, and financial goals.

Discussion Questions and Scenarios

  1. How might the next Bitcoin halving (expected in 2024) affect the cryptocurrency market compared to previous halvings? Consider how the maturing market might respond differently this time.

  2. If central banks globally begin to increase liquidity again, which cryptocurrencies might benefit most and why? Consider different types of crypto assets and their value propositions.

  3. Compare Bitcoin’s fair launch and distribution to a more centralized token like Solana. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each approach from both investment and philosophical perspectives?

  4. Imagine you’re explaining to a friend who only invests in traditional stocks why market capitalization is more important than price when evaluating cryptocurrencies. How would you make this concept clear to them?

  5. Consider a scenario where a country experiences high inflation in its national currency. How might citizens of that country use cryptocurrencies differently than people in countries with stable currencies?

  6. How might the relationship between crypto prices and central bank liquidity change as the cryptocurrency market matures and potentially becomes more mainstream?

  7. If you had to choose between investing in a Layer 1 blockchain token or a protocol token built on that blockchain, what factors would influence your decision?

 

 

 

Cryptocurrency Trading

Cryptocurrency trading is a hot topic these days, and it holds significant importance not just within its own realm, but also when you place it against the backdrop of traditional finance. It’s fascinating how macroeconomic factors influence crypto prices, the origins of Bitcoin, and how altcoins fit into this budding ecosystem. Grasping these connections can enrich your financial insights and rocket your confidence as you embark on your crypto trading journey.

Let’s dive deeper into crucial concepts, trading mechanics, and how they all converge on this exciting global stage.

Core Concepts

  1. Cryptocurrency vs. Blockchain:

    • Traditional Finance: A cryptocurrency is a digital representation of value that can be traded or transferred, while blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that securely records transactions.
    • Crypto Application: Cryptocurrencies enable peer-to-peer transactions without intermediaries, all made possible through blockchain technology.
  2. Gas Fees:

    • Traditional Finance: Fees are commonly associated with the exchange of services or assets, such as transaction fees in banking.
    • Crypto Application: In blockchain networks, gas fees are small amounts paid to process transactions, ensuring that blockchain participants are compensated for their services.
  3. Token Types:

    • Traditional Finance: Traditional assets can be fungible (like stocks) or unique (like real estate).
    • Crypto Application: Cryptocurrencies can be classified as coins (layer one currencies like Bitcoin) or tokens (assets built on top of a blockchain, like utility tokens or non-fungible tokens).
  4. Market Capitalization:

    • Traditional Finance: Market cap measures a company’s value based on its stock price multiplied by shares outstanding.
    • Crypto Application: In cryptocurrency, the market cap is calculated by multiplying the price of the coin by its circulating supply, crucial for comparing crypto assets.
  5. Tokenomics:

    • Traditional Finance: Similar to how companies evaluate their economic positions, tokenomics refers to the economic model behind a cryptocurrency or token.
    • Crypto Application: Understanding tokenomics helps traders grasp how cryptocurrencies may gain value over time and what drives their distribution.
  6. The Business Cycle:

    • Traditional Finance: Economic growth is driven by the business cycle, which involves periods of expansion and contraction.
    • Crypto Application: Bitcoin’s price and existence often correlate with the business cycle, demonstrating the ties that bind digital currencies to the broader economic environment.
  7. Secular Trends vs. Cyclical Trends:

    • Traditional Finance: Secular trends involve long-term shifts in economic indicators, while cyclical trends describe short-term fluctuations.
    • Crypto Application: The crypto market also experiences cycles influenced by events like market liquidity and macroeconomic shifts, though underlying secular trends often dictate overall direction.

Understanding these concepts is crucial. They create a foundation for grasping how cryptocurrencies operate, how their values fluctuate, and how you can navigate this burgeoning landscape with confidence.

Key Steps

1. Define Cryptocurrency and Blockchain

  • Key Points:

    • Cryptocurrencies serve as digital value.
    • Blockchain acts as a ledger, enabling peer-to-peer transactions.
    • Transactions occur without intermediaries, fostering a decentralized atmosphere.
  • Explanation:
    You find yourself exploring platforms like CoinGecko or CoinMarketCap, puzzled by the array of varying cryptocurrencies. Fundamentally, a cryptocurrency is merely a digital form of value, which can vastly differ based on its function. Bitcoin represents its own network, while other tokens might symbolize assets like real-world items or bonds. The blockchain’s essence lies in its decentralized ledger shared among thousands of unconnected participants worldwide, ensuring transaction integrity without central authority interference. You can think of it as your digital bank without the usual overhead.

2. Understanding Fees in Transactions

  • Key Points:

    • Gas fees are incurred for processing transactions on blockchains.
    • Every blockchain has its layer one coin used to pay these fees.
  • Explanation:
    Just like there’s a service charge when you transfer funds in traditional banking, initiating a blockchain transaction comes with gas fees. These fees ensure that participants in the network validate and process your request, enabling efficient transaction validation. Remember, it’s essential to factor these fees into your crypto trading strategy, much like traditional asset costs.

3. Explore Token Economics

  • Key Points:

    • Tokenomics governs how cryptocurrencies are valued and distributed.
    • It encompasses factors like supply, demand, utility, and market capitalization.
  • Explanation:
    Just as companies have financial models projecting profits and growth, cryptocurrencies possess their own economic frameworks or tokenomics. This encompasses how the token is distributed, its market cap, total supply, and how it will remain relevant over time. For instance, Bitcoin is capped at 21 million coins, instilling a sense of scarcity, while various other tokens might not have such limitations. Understanding tokenomics enriches your trading strategy, much like knowing a stock’s fundamentals before you buy.

4. Analyze Macro Factors Affecting Price Trends

  • Key Points:

    • Market prices react to central bank policies, business cycles, and more.
    • Global liquidity and macroeconomic indicators often dictate crypto price movements.
  • Explanation:
    The magic of cryptocurrency trading isn’t just in the digital assets but also in how the world economy influences them. Similar to how stock prices react to interest rate fluctuations or economic downturns, so too does the crypto market. A surge in liquidity from central banks often powers up crypto prices, making it essential to stay updated on macroeconomic trends that can impact your assets significantly.

5. Build Awareness of Secular and Cyclical Trends

  • Key Points:

    • Secure in a long-term perspective while navigating short-term fluctuations.
    • Understand the difference between parameters that may affect assets over time versus those delivering quick returns.
  • Explanation:
    Your focus should blend awareness of underlying secular trends (long-term growth indicators) with the ability to trade based on cyclical patterns (short-term price movements). For instance, Bitcoin often sees cycles of expansion and contraction, a phenomenon tied intricately to broader economic cycles, providing you an edge in timing your market entry and exit.

6. Trading Strategies and Tools

  • Key Points:

    • Leverage tools like trading charts and analytics for better decision-making.
    • Utilize portfolio trackers to manage your investments.
  • Explanation:
    In the realm of cryptocurrency, knowledge is power—especially knowledge backed by data. Using resources such as TradingView and other analytics platforms allows you to visualize and anticipate market shifts, akin to how traditional traders analyze stock trends. Set alerts for fluctuations or price targets that align with your broader investment strategy.

Crypto Trading

While diving into these topics, it’s vital to connect them back to the crypto world. Traditional finance concepts like interest rates directly influence investor confidence, which in turn, has a ripple effect on cryptocurrencies. Moreover, understanding how liquidity in traditional markets correlates with price movement in crypto can be an enlightening window into crafting your investment portfolio.

Examples

Visual Aids

If there were specific charts mentioned, they would help sketch out examples of overall crypto market trends against traditional financial markers. For instance, a graph illustrating central bank liquidity in relation to Bitcoin price fluctuations could elucidate the cyclical nature presiding over both arenas.

Hypothetical Examples

  1. Imagine you invested $1,000 worth of Bitcoin at a time when market liquidity was high; using macroeconomic cycles, you could maximize your returns as liquidity begins to dwindle.
  2. Consider a situation where you hold a stablecoin like USDT. If inflation surges, your purchasing power declines, and it might be an opportune moment to transition into assets that appreciate over time—like Bitcoin.
  3. Think of a lending protocol that offers attractive staking rewards, resembling high-yield savings accounts in traditional finance. Your commitment there could yield a significant return as interest rates fluctuate.

Real-World Applications

Historically, the connections between macroeconomic policies and price swings in cryptocurrencies are evident. The rise of Bitcoin mirrors the fallout of financial crises and the ensuing search for alternative stores of value. As nations grapple with fiat currency devaluation and inflation, digital currencies present viable options for preserving wealth, much akin to gold during uncertain economic times.

Cause and Effect Relationships

Inflation leads to central banks printing more money, which results in increased liquidity in the market. Consequently, this can drive asset prices up, including cryptocurrencies. Conversely, if inflation rises uncontrollably, central banks may slow liquidity to stabilize prices, often leading to a downturn in crypto values. Recognizing these dynamics can arm you with the knowledge to pivot your strategy effectively.

Challenges and Solutions

  • Challenges: Rapid market fluctuations, scams, and regulatory uncertainties present continuous hurdles in the crypto sphere.

  • Solutions: Awareness of the market landscape and rigorous research can mitigate risks. Utilize reputable exchanges and investigate existing projects before investing—preparing you to avoid pitfalls often encountered by new entrants.

Key Takeaways

  1. Decentralization is Key: Understanding how blockchain operates without intermediaries is crucial.
  2. Gas Fees Matter: Always consider transaction fees like gas before executing trades.
  3. Market Capitalization Defines Value: Familiarize yourself with determining a cryptocurrency’s value through market cap.
  4. Tokenomics are Essential: Analyze how a token’s economic model can influence investment potential.
  5. Stay Updated on Macro Trends: The broader economic landscape is crucial in assessing when to buy or sell.
  6. Adaptability is Critical: Balancing short-term trades with long-term strategies will foster more robust investment outcomes.
  7. Harness Analytical Tools: Leverage trading analytics and data visualization tools for better decision-making and portfolio management.

Engaging with these takeaways primes you to navigate your crypto journey with more clarity and confidence.

Discussion Questions and Scenarios

  1. How do traditional and crypto markets respond to central bank policy changes?
  2. Compare the role of gas fees in blockchain transactions to transaction fees in traditional financial systems.
  3. In what ways might tokenomics parallel corporate financial models?
  4. Given the rise of inflation, how would you allocate assets between fiat currencies and cryptocurrencies?
  5. Hypothetically, if another financial crisis hits, what measures might you employ to protect your crypto portfolio?

Glossary

  • Cryptocurrency: A digital asset that uses cryptography for secure transactions.
  • Blockchain: A distributed ledger system that records transactions across multiple computers.
  • Gas Fees: Fees paid to blockchain participants for validating and processing transactions.
  • Market Capitalization: The total market value of a cryptocurrency; calculated by multiplying the current price by its circulating supply.
  • Tokenomics: The study of how cryptocurrencies and tokens are distributed, valued, and utilized.
  • Fiat Currency: Traditional government-issued currency that is not backed by a physical commodity.
  • Secular Trends: Long-term trends that reveal the underlying direction of markets or economic indicators.

Blockchain: A distributed digital ledger that records transactions across many computers to ensure data cannot be altered retroactively.

Cryptocurrency: Digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for security and operates on a blockchain.

Market Capitalization: The total value of a cryptocurrency, calculated by multiplying the price of one unit by the circulating supply.

Tokenomics: The economic model and distribution mechanisms of a cryptocurrency that influence its value and utility.

Layer 1: A base blockchain protocol like Bitcoin, Ethereum, or Solana that processes transactions on its own blockchain.

Fungible: Interchangeable and identical units, where each unit has exactly the same value (like Bitcoin).

Non-Fungible Token (NFT): A unique digital asset that cannot be exchanged on a like-for-like basis, often representing ownership of a specific item.

Stablecoin: A type of cryptocurrency designed to maintain a stable value, usually pegged to a fiat currency like the US dollar.

Gas Fees: Transaction fees paid to blockchain validators for processing transactions.

Halving: The process in Bitcoin where mining rewards are cut in half approximately every four years, reducing the rate of new supply.

Secular Trend: A long-term directional movement in an asset or market that persists over many years.

Cyclical Pattern: Shorter-term price movements that occur within the context of a broader secular trend.

 

Continue to Next Lesson

You’re on an enlightening path through the crypto world, and I am thrilled to accompany you. Join me in the next lesson of the “”Crypto Is FIRE”” (CFIRE) training program, where we will delve deeper into trading strategies and further unravel the labyrinth of digital assets. Let’s keep that curiosity ignited!

 

Read Video Transcript
FULL Cryptocurrency Trading Course – From Beginner To EXPERT
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ByOXdddmDM
Transcript:
 This crypto course will give you everything you need to get started trading cryptocurrency.  All of these topics will be listed as timestamps down in the description below,  alongside loads of other links, free resources and other videos that I mention in this one.  We’re going to be looking at how macroeconomics affects crypto,  why Bitcoin exists and how it spawned this entire industry, how altcoins play into this,  then going ahead and analyzing crypto both from on-chain and technical standpoints
 then how to actually trade at the end of this video we’re looking at how to use a blockchain  as well if you don’t know me yet I’m James I used to work on the London Stock Exchange but I’m not  your financial advisor and I can’t give you any specific financial advice so just keep that in  mind when watching this video let’s get started though with what exactly is crypto anyway.
 You may have seen sites like CoinGecko or CoinMarketCap  and seen all these different cryptos and thought,  what are these?  How do they work?  Are they the same or are they different?  And why are they valued differently?  Well, firstly, let’s split up the difference  between a crypto and a blockchain.  A crypto is simply a digital representation of value now that can be  very different depending on the coin you can have something like bitcoin which simply represents the  bitcoin network or you can have a token that represents a diamond or a bond and so they’re
 not the same and they’re not equal, even though they’re both crypto assets.  Ultimately, a crypto lets us transfer or trade value from ourselves to someone else 24-7,  peer-to-peer, meaning that there’s no intermediary in between. We don’t need a broker,  we don’t need an exchange, and we can do that on the blockchain 24 seven. So ultimately a crypto asset lets us transfer value peer to peer 24 seven 365.
 The blockchain is the actual thing that enables us  to transfer those assets.  So a blockchain is simply a ledger of accounts.  When you create a blockchain wallet, what you’re really doing is  creating an account, just like opening a bank account. And if you had money in your bank account,  the bank would keep a ledger of all of your transactions.
 Now, the difference with a  blockchain is this is distributed amongst unconnected participants around the world.  So there’s thousands of people running the Bitcoin blockchain and they  don’t have any links to each other and the blockchain keeps them honest in that they can’t  mess with our transactions.
 So when we submit a transaction the blockchain sends it through  and those nodes go and carry out that transaction for us. It keeps a record of history around the world. So it’s basically like money in  the cloud, but nobody really owns the cloud. And it allows for crypto assets to be sent between  the accounts on that blockchain. So it’s a decentralized way to send value peer to peer.
 And the blockchain network allows for that. no centralized authority like a bank or a money  institution or a government it’s you versus me and i’ll send you money myself using the blockchain  and no one can get in the middle now let’s look at the types of crypto that there are because  blockchains would always have a specific blockchain layer one coin that represents that blockchain.
 And when you want to use a blockchain, you have to pay a small fee to the blockchain  participants for processing your transaction.  And we call that gas.  So if you want to use your Bitcoin and send it to someone else, you’ll have to pay a  small amount of Bitcoin to the network and a small amount of gas  is taken out of your transaction.
 Every blockchain will have a layer one coin that you use to pay  for gas on that network. Tokens though are completely different. Tokens are built on top  of blockchains and they represent something else, not the blockchain itself.  So you can have protocol tokens or exchange tokens,  and these represent something built  on top of the blockchain.  So there’s a decentralized exchange  or a decentralized lending protocol  where I can lend money to you  and you pay an interest to me.
 That’s a protocol in itself,  and that can have a token that represents  the value of that protocol.  There are also real world assets like stable coins, which represent dollars in a bank.  So we can easily send dollars around on the Internet.  And then there are many other types of tokens that represent something else.
 For example, if you use a lending protocol, you probably need a receipt for what you’re lending out so that you  know that you have it and you can call that loan back. Well, that receipt token would be its own  separate thing and it would more be like a utility token in that instance.
 Then you have non-fungible  tokens, which we’ll look at in a second. And of course, many scam tokens, because anyone can  create a token pretty much for free there’s going  to be lots of scams and other types of tokens that don’t really represent  anything at all other than basically the people that create them wanting to sell  it to you to get rich so everything exists on the internet and everything  exists on block chains because it can be represented by a token.
 There are really three main different types of  token or coin. You have this one, the coins. These are the layer one gas coins that represent the  blockchain network. Then you have tokens which are fungible. This is a stable coin called USDT  and this represents dollars. Just like dollars are fungible, if I gave you $10, you could swap  it around with another one and give it back to me and it’s fungible. I wouldn’t care.
 It’s exactly  the same. It’s $10. Same for dollar stable coins on blockchains. But of course, you need to represent  unique things as well, which is why we have non-fungible tokens. Simply unique things. So a  token that represents one specific artwork  has to be unique because you can’t swap it with anyone else.  And hence we get non-fungible tokens as well.
 They’re the three main areas within crypto.  So we know that coins and tokens can represent value  in completely different ways  and can have different attributes.  And the way that we try to write down those attributes  in a way that we can  understand is called tokenomics. It’s the economics of tokens or coins.
 And so these can be very  different depending on the blockchain or the crypto asset itself. So let’s have a look at this.  Firstly, we value cryptos in dollars. So if you go to a site like CoinGecko, you’ll see down here all of the cryptos and they’re  usually listed by the most valuable first, which as of making this video is BTC.
 And you can see the price here.  This price represents how many dollars it takes to buy one unit of the cryptocurrency.  So as of right now, one unit of Bitcoin costs around  about $46,000. Now you can buy a fraction of a Bitcoin so you can buy 0.0001 of a Bitcoin,  no problem, that’s going to cost you a lot less money, but it’s one unit of the crypto,  how many dollars does it take to buy that? Now every single crypto has a different supply meaning that  anyone can create these coins and so they can create the supply themselves. So if we look at
 Bitcoin we know that Bitcoin has a total supply. The protocol itself was written to have a total  max supply of 21 million coins. That’s all that will ever be created  and the protocol can’t create any more of them.  There is a circulating supply right now,  which is the amount of coins that are in existence.
 It’s around 19.6 million coins right now.  So what we can very easily do  is work out the total value of this crypto.  We call that the market cap or the market capitalization. So what you do is you take the price per one unit around $46,000 and you  multiply that by the circulating supply which is around $19.
6 million and that gives you a total  market value of $900 billion. so it’s the most expensive asset  in crypto as of making this video we can also see there is a 24 hour trading volume that’s the  dollar amount traded each day which is this amount and the fully diluted valuation is the valuation  where we take the price per coin and we multiply it by the max potential supply which is 21 million coins.
 So what we can know is that each coin has a different supply,  there are a different amount of coins and so they have a different price. But in order to accurately  compare the value of each blockchain or coin or token, you have to look at the market cap.  That’s going to give you an overview of the actual total value.
 So we know that Bitcoin has a market  cap of 900 billion and Ethereum has a market cap of 300 billion. And so Ethereum is around one  third the value of Bitcoin. But if you just looked at the price, you would see Ethereum  is much cheaper. What we can deduce by this is that Ethereum has more coins than Bitcoin. So if  you click into Ethereum, you can see there are way more coins.
 You’re looking at around 120  million coins, right, instead of 21 million. So tokenomics can change, but to compare coins and tokens, we really need to look at the market cap.  Why do people create these tokens?  There are many different reasons.  So Bitcoin was created by Satoshi and he created it as a peer-to-peer money and then left the network and it kind of spawned from there.
 Other types of tokens can be created for other purposes.  For example, ICOos or initial coin offerings that is when someone has an idea for a project and doesn’t have any money  and so what they say is to investors give us dollars so that we can spend those dollars to  make our idea or our project real and bring it into life.
 And we’ll give you some tokens that we just created.  This is basically the same as equity in the network that they’re creating  or the protocol or the business that they’re creating.  And that’s the same in equity as well.  If you start a business, you can create equity within the business and you can sell that equity for dollars or other fiat currency to fund your business  so what we can know is that bitcoin may be very different to some other coins because most other  coins created the coin and then sold it to for dollars to fund their operations initially.
 That’s why people create these coins and these tokens is to fund their idea.  Not all of them, but that is a way that many of these tokens exist.  It’s because you have entrepreneurs that need funding to start their network or their business and they create a token as investors can swap dollars for that token.
 And then the idea is that that token goes up in value over time as the network or the business grows.  That’s a very different thing to own than something like Bitcoin.  Let’s have a look at some tokenomics here that we can see.  So we know that a human being can create a token,  and that means that if they control that token,  they can sell it to  other people in any way that they want.
 Something like Solana is an example of a basically an equity  token. It was created by people that are in Silicon Valley and so they’re very comfortable  with this kind of equity model. They created Solana the token, they sold it to investors to get dollars  to fund the operation to build up the blockchain.
 So what we can see here is that the token, they sold it to investors to get dollars to fund the operation to build up the  blockchain. So what we can see here is that the token was created and a huge amount, around 25%  of the supply, was given out to investors in what’s known as a seed sale. So the token is given a very  very very low valuation for people to put money in initially to fund the  initial idea. So 25% is owned by a very small cohort of investors.
 You then have another founding sale  which is again just a way to raise money. So you give people these tokens that you created that  represent some amount of the network and you sold that to investors. The foundation also owns a ton of these  tokens. The foundation is basically the things that run the network and make sure that it’s up  and running all of the time.
 Then you have the team that own 20% and then tiny, tiny amounts  that represent the public sale, which is, you know, open market investors that can just buy it  in the open market this is kind of  representing what would otherwise be known as a company so it’s a very similar to how you know  startup companies operate where you get a huge amount of the supply owned by a small amount of  early investors that’s not amazing as a representation of money itself, but it could represent the equity of a  network. But it’s again very different. So you can see how these coins and tokens represent value in
 different ways. There is also a supply schedule over time. Most of these coins will start with  a smaller amount of supply and then increase the supply over time to a later amount of sums of some amount the reason  is as you can see the supply increases to give some network participant more  coins over time so for example the foundation could have a lot of tokens  that vest over ten years and so they get a little bit each year over that time.
 Maybe some other investors get tokens  given to them over time,  or you can pay out staking rewards  for this type of blockchain,  which is an incentive to network participants  to actually run the blockchain.  So what we’re saying here  is that we’re creating value in some way  and giving it out to people to do something.
 And then we hope to create more value over time to make the thing more valuable.  This is Cardano ADA, which is a very similar type of blockchain, a smart contract chain.  You can see that the initial coin offering was around 60%, staking rewards over time around 30%, and then the team got around 11%.
 So this is definitely more distributed than  Solana. The ICO is an initial coin offering that was initial investors that could get in,  but it’s certainly slightly more distributed than something like this where you’re getting a huge  amount owned by basically insiders. So a little bit different there.  And you can see the supply schedule is pretty standard, right?  You have the token sale and the team,  and then you have staking rewards over time  that try to incentivize people to run network nodes,  to run the network.
 Then you have BTC, which was created by Satoshi.  No pre-sale, no ICO.  He simply created the protocol  and he started mining the network initially.  Now, Satoshi’s coins have never moved  and so they’re essentially lost coins at this point.  So no control over them or the network.  This is very different in terms of its tokenomics  because what you’re seeing is over time,  the supply started at zero  and the proof  of work network has created all of these coins up until 21 million where it will just simply stop
 producing new coins. These are the block rewards as new coins are created over time that of course  goes to zero as block rewards go to zero the emission of new coins is zero  hopefully this shows that Bitcoin is very very different to most other stuff where most other  chains created these coins or these tokens sold them to investors to get some money to fund their  blockchain projects and it’s owned by different types of people Bitcoin is really different in  that respect where it was  designed and created to be money and nothing else and it has this extremely fair schedule over time.
 So how do any of these coins or tokens represent value or capture value in some way?  For Bitcoin it literally does nothing other than represent the Bitcoin network.  Because Bitcoin is decentralized as a network, it is strong  and reliable, that network has some value because people may want to store some  value in that network. And so Bitcoin simply represents the blockchain’s value.
 For smart contract chains like Ethereum, things can be very different.  Ethereum is more of a computing platform and it lets people create smart contracts where they can do things together.  So they can trade or they can lend and borrow and they pay fees for that.  And so Ethereum is a decentralized network as well, but it also earns very good fees and it pays those fees back to users if they stake their coins.
 We’ll get to that later but because  ethereum pays fees back to users it also has some value because it pays a yield to them bitcoin pays  no yield but ethereum does and so ethereum may have value in different ways a stable coin that  is essentially representing one dollar only represents one dollar.
 If you invest in this you  just are holding dollars and therefore it’s not an investment and there’s no  value to be captured. You can see that right here that Tether is valued at a  dollar and always will be valued at a dollar. So that simply represents  something else. Then you have protocols like Uniswap, which is a decentralized exchange. An exchange charges fees to its users who trade tokens.
 And so if an exchange charges fees, it’s basically a business at that point.  And you can value that token based on how many fees it makes and if it passes some of the profits back to you as an investor.  passes some of the profits back to you as an investor. So blockchain assets represent different things and they have different values depending on what exactly they do.
 You may be wondering where I  get all of this information. All of the resources that I show you in this video and everything that  I use will be listed down in the resources section in the video description. I recommend getting an  account on X, formerly formerly twitter lots of news  and research on there and it’s a great resource there are also tax and portfolio trackers that  you’re going to need if you’re trading in crypto or investing now your exchange may give you this  for free so definitely don’t pay for anything if your exchange is going to give you that for free
 look on your exchange though now for research and and analytics, these are amazing. Look into Bitcoin,  DeFi Llama, June Analytics. They show you everything that’s happening on the blockchain  in real time. It’s a fantastic resource and we can do this because of blockchain technology.  If you want pricing data and charts, definitely use TradingView. It’s industry standard.
 It’s  free to have an account and look at pricing  data so why not have it now at this point I want to plug the crypto course as well this is the  professional version of what we’re doing here you can see that there’s a Discord group where you can  come and ask me questions I update the course for free of charge forever I’ll leave it link below I  get much more in depth into you know really what’s going on with the crypto types you can also see a lot of trading articles as well we have an entire trading section
 uh a little bit more professional than what we’ll do in this video you can see all of these different  videos here if you want to request a video because you don’t know something or you want to ask me a  question just come and ask me in the private discord group so i’ll link the crypto course  below as well and i update it with all of my research.
 I just updated it as  of making this video as you can see here with my latest research and what I’m doing with my  portfolio and everything like that. So lots of resources to use and just check everything down  below. Now we move on to a crash course in how the macro economy can affect crypto prices.  The macro economy which is really interest rates, central bank policy, all of that over the short term can manipulate asset prices.
 So central banks control money, the fiat currencies that we use to trade, and they control the interest rates on the debt that we take out and they control the supply of  currency that we use and they do that to try and push and pull us into this kind of smooth  and predictable way of moving in the economy so every central bank tries to grow its economy a certain amount.
 And of course,  economic growth is not the same around the world. Some countries have a young population  that are growing and producing more value. Other countries have an elderly population  or an older population that are just past their best years and are not producing as much as they did before.  In any case, central banks know that they can’t control that. You can’t control demographics.
 But what you can try and do is slow the pace around and not make it, you know, too crazy,  because financial markets don’t like to be upset. If they know where the  destination is, they’re fine with that and if they get there slowly then they  can plan for it. But if things are unpredictable, markets are mayhem.
 And so  central banks really just try to slow the pace or the extent of any  financial moves that may rock the pricing mechanisms that we use to trade.  And so what this has come into in modern finance is really this cycle of macroeconomics.  And so everything is tied into one, of course, because everything that happens in the world  influences the price of the assets that we trade.
 But the main cycles that we can look at really that influence what the price of the assets that we trade. But the main cycles that we can  look at really that influence what the price of Bitcoin is on a given day or, you know, what  interest rates are, the cycles that influence that are the business cycle.
 So that is the business  cycle has periods of expansion where businesses are taking on more debt or, you know, raising more cash and  selling equity to expand, bring on employees, which reduces unemployment. You know, a lot of  employment in the economy means people are earning money. And so the economy can grow.
 And of course,  the other side of that is the times when that business cycle kind of deflates a little bit. Maybe businesses  are making people unemployed. That leads people to save a little bit more and pull back. And so  you get kind of a dip within the economy.
 So the business cycle for businesses, are they hiring or  are they firing? Are they growing? Are they kind of pairing back? Right. So that’s a business cycle  that will, of course, affect the price of assets, Bitcoin, housing, everything else.  There is also a debt and refinancing cycle because most businesses use debt to fund growth.  Governments use debt to fund growth.
 And there is around a three to five year financing cycle.  So the average maturity of debt is around three to five years.  And so every three to five years, what do you do?  Do you pay off the debt?  Do you refinance the debt and try and get more growth?  So that is going to influence things, right?  The demand and supply for debt.
 That is a market within itself.  And the interest rate that is charged on that debt  is going to massively affect the economy  and therefore prices of everything we trade.  There is also an election cycle, right?  Because most governments are going to try to get elected.  And how do you get elected?  People have got to feel good about their situation,  which means their assets are going up in value.
 They have employment opportunities.  And so you’re going to try and put political pressure on the central bank to try and raise  or lower interest rates for your political gain. It’s definitely an influence on things.  And then amongst all of this, we have the Bitcoin cycle, which is the cycle Bitcoin has every four years to halve the amount of new bitcoin coming into the supply  we know that bitcoin has this in you know inflation schedule like this where eventually top  out you know we’re somewhere here right now every block of bitcoin that is produced you get new
 bitcoin that is made and paid out to miners as an incentive to carry out transactions.  Every four years, the amount of new Bitcoin given to them is cut in half and therefore  the supply changes. So you have the Bitcoin cycle as well. That happens every four years.  This happens every four years.
 This happens every four years. This just happens to coincide with debt and elections  happens to be around four or five years. These are short term cycles. So that is very different  to secular trends. So we’re going to look at this on charts right now for crypto assets because  secular trends are entirely different  to cyclical patterns within prices.
 Election cycles, debt refinancing cycles, the central bank  lowering or raising interest rates on the debt that we pay changes prices within the economy.  These happen in cycles like this. However, what central banks cannot influence and governments  cannot influence really long term are these long term secular trends. What is a secular trend?  Technology is a secular trend. Computing is a secular trend. Internet adoption is a secular trend. Bitcoin and crypto adoption is a secular trend. AI technology, again, is a secular trend. Right. So what we can say is prices move in cycles based on what central banks and the business cycle are doing.
 and the business cycle are doing. But over the longer term, secular trends will get moved by this, but eventually just go in the direction that they are destined to go in, which is growing.  So you have something, an invention of something that starts small, solar panels, self-driving cars,  AI, the internet.
 And eventually that thing is just desirable by  enough people that the thing just grows over time. But it doesn’t grow in a straight line,  of course. It has cycles along with adoption. If there is a recession, that means people are doing  less stuff and they’re demanding less stuff. And so the price goes down.
 But when there is another expansion in  the economy, then that will go up. The long term secular trend, though, is what investors look at.  So if you have a time horizon of 5, 10, 15 years, which most people investing for their retirement  or anything will have, then what they’re really looking at is secular trends.  You don’t want to be trading cycles over and over again and trying to buy a sale, buy a sale.
 You’re  just looking at what things are growing in a secular trend over time. And I’ll be buying here  and buying here, but that doesn’t matter because over time, you know, the trend is up. So that’s what we want to look at.  There’s a big difference between cycles and secular trends. Secular trends can happen to the upside.
 They can also happen to the downside. So you can get cycles within things that are actually getting  worse or, you know, less desirable over time or just becoming less valuable. So we can obviously get caught out on  both of these.
 For example, we can get caught out in secular trends to the upside by buying here,  the price falls down, we get upset, we sell here, and we’ve just traded the cycle the wrong way  around. And we aren’t aware that what we’re doing is actually in a secular  trend to the upside. So if we just kept it and dollar cost averaged, we would get higher at some  point in the future, right? Secular trends happen to the downside as well, in that you can maybe get  into something here.
 It looks great and you think you’ve made money, but then the next trend down is  lower, right? You can see this trend. So secular trends and price  cycles happen, and that’s very important to be aware of. But what’s way more important is the  secular trend of that thing. Because if you’re confident in the secular trend, you can invest in  it. You can’t invest in cycles. This is an example of a secular trend. This is the purchasing power of the dollar.
 Now,  this is an example. Most other fiat currencies look exactly like this as well. Whereas the  purchasing power over time in relation to a bunch of desirable assets has just gone down. This means that if you held dollars in 1971, they’re worth  around 20% of what they were then.
 So if you hold the same dollar, you can only buy 20% of the  things that you could buy in the 1970s. There is a reduction in the purchasing power of the dollar.  That just happens to coincide with the circulation of the dollar which has  risen. So as more dollars have been printed by the central bank or the government by issuing debt,  so it’s putting fresh new dollars into circulation, that has been printed at a faster rate than humans have printed resources through their efforts and their value and their labor or the fruits of those labors like goods and services.
 More dollars are being printed over time and put into circulation then value has been created.  This creates a debasement of the purchasing power  of those dollars in relation  to the goods and services produced.  So there’s more circulation.  That’s a secular trend,  because we were looking over the long term.
 A secular trend of more currency in circulation  and less purchasing power. There are cycles within  this, but the secular trend is very clear. All investors know when they start investing,  when they realize this, is I need to get out of that fiat currency if I have savings that I want  to protect from this currency debasement over the long term.
 It’s not about making money in the markets.  It’s not about trading.  It’s about knowing the secular trend is that fiat currency has been losing its value.  And so we need to escape that and put our value in things that do not debase at the speed and rate of this.  This is a secular trend of the purchasing power of fiat currency going down in relation to desirable assets.
 This is another secular trend, which is the Federal Reserve in America and the size of their balance sheet.  We’re not going to get into how this works. We can just look at  the secular trend in that it seems like the Federal Reserve, their balance sheet is getting  larger over time. How does the Federal Reserve buy these assets? It prints money to buy them.
 prints money to buy them. So the secular trend is that the central bank is printing money,  increasing the supply of money to buy stuff. What that does is debase the purchasing power of everyone else’s money because there’s more currency in circulation over time.  see in circulation over time. They are buying assets, printing money to do so. This is a secular trend with cycles in between. This is also a secular trend.
 You can very clearly  see that there are cycles here, but since the 1950s, with cycles in between, this is  a secular trend to the upside. this would have been a great investment  if we started down here we’ve made tons of money unfortunately what this is is inflation  this is the price of desirable things in the economy over time the price of desirable things in the economy over time.
 The price of desirable assets and  things that we need to buy to stay alive like food and shelter are going up  exponentially. This is not good for us because the things that we want to stay  alive are becoming more and more expensive. Now, this alone doesn’t matter too much  because as long as your wages are going up at the same rate,  then things aren’t getting more expensive for you.
 So you have to look at your wages  and how they’re increasing in relation  to the inflation of goods and services.  And of course, wages may go up.  Overall, they may not go up,  and so inflation  actually makes you poorer. But what we can get from this is that the price of stuff that we want  never goes down, ever.
 When it goes down, what happens is that the central banks step in and  force the price of everything up again.  It never goes down, it just goes up at a slower or faster rate.  So these things are linked, right?  You can see that the purchasing power of money goes down over time as the currency in circulation  increases.  That is also tied to the central bank which prints money to buy assets for itself to try and control things in the economy.
 And inflation goes up seemingly in line with the fact that we have so much money creation for some reason that is pushing prices up.  So these are secular trends that investors inherently know my dollars or fiat currency  buys less stuff over time i don’t like that so i need to sell that for assets that go up at the  same rate as the other things that are going up that i want to buy and in 20 years when i retire  i will have saved the purchasing power of my money in those assets. So those are secular trends, but we can also look at cycles as well within parts of the economy.
 So this is from GMI here.  We have inflation, which, as you can see, moves in cycles up and below around about 2%.  Central banks around the world, most of them have a target of 2% inflation.  Don’t ask me why they have that. Nobody knows the reason. They just picked 2% as some number that  if it happens at 2% a year, no one will really notice that the things they’re buying are going  up in value.
 And so what they try to do with their central bank policy  is to keep this inflation rate around about 2%.  What is the inflation rate?  CPI, which is the consumer price index.  It’s an index of the things that consumers  can buy in the economy, meat, vegetables,  Netflix subscriptions, everything like that.  Now, CPI is just one metric of inflation,  and really, they change it all the time.
 So CPI can be changed by the indexer, the government,  basically. They can take one thing out and put another thing in. And so CPI doesn’t really mean  much, especially if you change it over time. Also, when you’re looking at consumer price  inflation, a lot of things that we buy over time actually get cheaper because of technology. We  produce more of them, we have economies of scale, or we digitize them to make them cheaper.
 In any  case, that CPI is still going up. And is it the things that are getting more expensive? Or is  there just simply more currency chasing the same amount of stuff, hence pushing the price up?  In any case, inflation moves in these cycles.  So sometimes it goes above 2%, sometimes it goes below like this, right?  But we know that even though these cycles are taking place and they will be changing the price of  assets and the supply and demand and everything like that, we know that the actual secular trend
 is just positive. All of this mostly is positive in terms of there is more inflation, right, in CPI.  So CPI moves in cycles and inflation will inhibit a response from the central bank. If  inflation gets too high, central banks will try and reduce activity within the economy, maybe an  economic slowdown.
 If inflation gets too low, they’ll try and stimulate the economy by lowering  interest rates to get it around this 2%. That’s what central banks want to do. That’s  their official remit is to keep inflation around 2% by stimulating the economy or drawing it back.  You can see here that this is the official interest rate for US treasuries, which are the  benchmark for what debt trades at.
 So you have US treasuries, which will trade at a certain percentage, let’s  say 3%. Everything else is priced off that. If you’re a company, you’re a lot more risky than  the American government. And so maybe you have to pay 10%, which would be, you know, this plus  seven, and that would make 10% as your spread as a company. So all interest rates are really set  off of this.
 Now what we  can see here is cycles within a secular trend. You can see the cycles here, they move. These are the  cycles, but the secular trend is the interest rates have been coming down over time. So things  move in cycles, but we can’t get caught out by those because we need to look at the longer term  secular trends. But we can also maybe take advantage by those because we need to look at the longer term secular trends.
 But we can also maybe take advantage of those shorter term cycles as well if we’re confident in the secular trend of something.  Right. If trends are topping out and you know that there’s a secular trend to the downside,  maybe you can trade to actually make some profits around these changes in the cyclical patterns alongside the  secular trend that you think that’s happening. This is global liquidity.
 This  is a measure of how much money is flowing around central bank systems  because they try to manipulate prices and economic activity by sloshing around  money. They pour it in,  they take it out. They want everything to be moving at 2%. We can see that this is cyclical  as well. So you get drawdowns and you get points where liquidity is higher.
 This seems to move in  cycles. So liquidity moves in cycles, which is an attempt from central banks to manipulate prices in cycles. However,  cyclical trends rely on fundamentals like demographics, how many people are being born,  how much value is being created, is something in demand and going to be in demand over a 20-year  period, more and more and more. We know the difference.
 So what do we want to do?  We want to watch out for cyclical trends to invest in, right? Because we’ve got this money that we’re  earning and we need to save some of it. That’s why you’re here, right? You’re looking to invest or  trade crypto and you’re looking to save  you know purchasing power of your money over time you’re looking to make dollar price gains or fiat  currency price gains in assets that go up over time so we know what we what we need to know is  is something in a secular trend and if it is how can we take advantage of price cycles to get the absolute best prices, right? Investors,
 if you’ve got a 20-year time horizon, you just want to invest in secular trends. Invest, invest,  invest for a long time, wait an even longer time, the trend will have carried the price and the  value up. So what you can see here is this is the Bitcoin price, and we can very clearly see  that it is one really volatile  but it also has traded in a couple of different cycles so you can see an expansion cycle here  you can see a destruction cycle you can see an expansion cycle destruction it looks like we’re
 going in expansion so it seems like the price moves alongside cycles within the macro economy like this.  So what we have here is liquidity moving up and down and Bitcoin moving up and down.  So what we’re going to do is press indicators.  Like I said, TradingView that I’m using now is completely free.
 Definitely recommend an account.  They’ll be linked below in the description.  You just need an email address. Sign up and you can use this. We’re going to look at  global net liquidity, which is a measure of the liquidity from central banks. So are they pouring  money in to stimulate or are they taking money out to try and calm down growth? There is seemingly  a correlation here we have an  expansion in monetary policy we have expansion in liquidity that just happens  to coincide with Bitcoin going up in price as money is drawn out you can see
 that just so happens to inside with a Bitcoin bear market and the price going  down we have another massive expansion in liquidity here. That just happens to coincide with a big price expansion in Bitcoin.  We have liquidity coming down here and we can see the Bitcoin  price going into a bear market where the price goes down.
 These things have a very high correlation.  So what we can understand from this is that it seems like  the amount of money in circulation from central banks affects asset prices in cycles. When there is an expansion of liquidity in central  banks, what they’re doing is increasing the supply of money. And conversely, things that have a fixed supply or a supply that can’t change as quick as that have to go up in value.
 So if you have the same amount of stuff like Bitcoin or gold or a stock and you have more dollars chasing that, then the price has to move.  The price moves in cycles along with this.  So this is very, very clear. So we can see that  price moves along in cycles for BTC. So the other thing we can see is a secular trend.